Crowntakers agaricus bisporus8/14/2023 Because the majority of the easily metabolizable plant metabolites are removed during the composting process and converted to microbial biomass and protein in the compost, the only organisms that can grow effectively on the finished compost are those that can access carbon either from the microbial biomass present or from residual lignin-humic complexes. Mushroom production is then initiated by application of a low-nutrient layer of mixed peat and lime (referred to as casing), together with lowering the temperature and reducing CO 2 levels in the growing rooms. The Agaricus mycelium is introduced on a grain-based carrier (referred to as spawn) and allowed to proliferate throughout the compost. Details of the mushroom composting process vary between countries, but typically include a wetting phase to soften the straw raw materials and initiate straw breakdown, a thermophilic composting phase (Phase I, 70–80 ☌) in which most of the structural components of the straw are degraded, and a pasteurization phase (Phase II, 60 ☌) with subsequent conditioning at mesophilic temperatures (45 ☌), in which the breakdown products are incorporated into microbial biomass and humic-lignin products in the final compost (Fig. Smaller amounts of other agricultural by-products such as canola meal, soybean meal and cottonseed meal are often added to provide additional nitrogen and stimulate microbial activity at the start of composting, depending on seasonal availability.Ĭomposting is a microbial process in which lignocellulosic waste materials are converted into a nutrient-rich humus-containing medium. The ingredients used to make mushroom compost varies in different parts of the world in Europe and the USA, for instance, there is a heavy dependence on stable bedding (horse manure) as the primary carbon and nitrogen source, in Australia almost no stable bedding is used, and in China rice straw is often used in place of wheat straw. They are grown on a composted substrate that is traditionally made from wheat straw, stable bedding, poultry manure and gypsum. This suggests that specific microbial taxa or combinations of taxa may provide useful biomarkers of compost quality and may be applied as predictive markers of mushroom crop yield and quality.īutton mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus, are one of the most widely cultivated edible mushrooms, with about 8 billion kg produced per year worldwide. Comparison of bacterial communities at five geographically separated composting yards in south-eastern Australia revealed similarities in microbial succession during composting, although the dominant bacterial taxa varied among sites. These taxa decreased during spawn run and may be acting as a direct source of nutrition for the proliferating Agaricus mycelium, which has previously been shown to use microbial biomass in the compost for growth. Pasteurization/conditioning selected for a more stable community dominated by the thermophilic actinomycete Mycothermus thermophilus and a range of bacterial taxa including Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis and other Proteobacteria. The wetting and thermophilic phases were characterized by a rapid succession of bacterial and fungal communities, with maximum diversity at the high heat stage. Here we report a detailed study of microbial succession during mushroom compost production (wetting, thermophilic, pasteurization/conditioning, spawn run). The quality and yield of the mushroom crop depends critically on the quality of this composted substrate, but details of the microbial community responsible for compost production have only emerged recently. Button mushrooms ( Agaricus bisporus) are grown commercially on a specialized substrate that is usually prepared from wheat straw and poultry manure in a microbially-mediated composting process.
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